Disputes over land, water, forests, rangelands, and other resources, both privately and commonly-held, are omnipresent across Africa and increasing in number due to the socioeconomic and environmental changes happening on microand macrolevels. Communities in Africa have a variety of mechanisms rooted in customary and statutory institutions to deal with disputes. This paper uses community-level ...

man's past condition is related to his present life and history means surveying the quality of the past activities whose traces remain in the present time. the main field of historical research is man's past life, the stages which have been put behind in the process of evolution and changes as well as progresses made in these stages. history is a means to provide human beings with a complete in...

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every year, a part of the national capital of the country is lost due to the disorders of traffic. an important part of the traffic disorders is caused by the improper behavior of some users of urban transport system. such a situation is contrary to the principles of smart growth and urban sustainability. the study of traffic conflicts as a symbol of the society culture of traffic can lead city...

The quality of -water contained in the different tanks varie8 as the tank is more or less exposed to deteriorating influences ; some of them have a reputation, based for the most part on forgotten traditions, for yielding unusually good water, and the conservatism of the place is willing to uphold such reputation against adverse arguments or appearances ; for exammle?? it was stoutly denied a f...