BACKGROUND The precise temporal control of neuronal action potentials is essential for regulating many brain functions. From the viewpoint of a neuron, the specific timings of afferent input from the action potentials of its synaptic partners determines whether or not and when that neuron will fire its own action potential. Tuning such input would provide a powerful mechanism to adjust neuron f...

Background: In the last few years, a marked decrease in male fertility has been reported. Environmental factors were recently suspected for this problem. The misuse of medicines especially antibiotics are among environmental factors that can affect reproductive system. Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the family of fluoroquinolones with a very broad spectrum effect ...

Background: While assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) are considered to be safe, many concerns exist about the safety of these techniques. Two important and indispensable parts of these techniques are in vitro culture and vitrification. While much progress has been made in developing culture conditions, it remains suboptimal. In order to investigate the effect of culture medium on in vitro ...

background: promastigotes of leishmania spp. have been readily cultured, but the axenic culture of amastigotes has been successful in l. donovani , l .infantum l. mexicana and l. pifanoi . however, some species such as l. major, is much less amenable to axenic cultivation. in present study, we describe an in vitro culture system for the generation and propagation of axenic amastigotes form of l...