The paper explores factors that lead to accumulation or decumulation of firms’ cash reserves. In particular, we empirically examine whether additional future fixed capital and R&D investment expenditures induce firms to change their liquidity ratio while considering the role of market imperfections. Implementing a dynamic framework on a panel of US, UK and German firms, we find that firms in al...

Accurate Measuring of poverty and its distribution in various areas, in addition to being crucial for cognitive purposes, could have different policy implications and affect policy assessments. The Household expenditures criteria is typically used to measure poverty, and poverty is often assessed using a poverty line and alternative indices. A major difficulty associated with this method is, ho...

This exploratory discussion introduces the concept of market making expenditures – the expenditures pioneering firms entering emerging markets need to make to achieve market development. They differ from the idea of pioneering costs in that market making expenditures can take the form of investment not simply cost, they arise from underdevelopment of markets rather than environmental uncertaint...

Background: Studies have shown that people using complementary health insurances have more access to health services than others. In the present study, we aimed at finding the differences between out- of- pocket payments and health service utilizations in complementary health insurances (CHIs) users and nonusers.    Methods:  Propensity score matching was used to compare the 2 g...

The COVID-19 virus, which caused a global pandemic in 2020, 248 million people to get sick and 5 die the last quarter of 2021. It has been stated that way out is vaccinate 70% world's population, but vaccination levels have remained very low, especially low middle-income countries. $50 billion funding enable low- countries (LMIC) access COVID-19vaccine accelerate vaccination, rich countries' re...

We apply the two-sector production function developed by Ram (1986) to estimate the threshold regression model for Iran, concerning the effect of government size on economic growth. Three government size indicators are used to find out the different threshold points. The results show a non-linear relationship of the Armey curve in Iran, in which the threshold effects corresponding to total gove...

Recent research studies cover the varying perspectives on education by ethnicity and race and the methods in which families exert influence over educational choices. In addition, a number of studies that are rooted in Human Capital Theory evaluate returns to schooling—education increases an individual’s productivity and contributes to an individual’s capacity to improve his or her financial and...

This paper models a war of attrition where participants first choose contest investment levels that act as a constraint for how long they can compete. To include a measure of the resource’s transferability to other uses (e.g. other contests), expenditures are a convex combination of investment decisions and their ‘bid’ in the contest. It is shown in the symmetric equilibrium that participants u...