There is growing awareness on the effects of insecticides used for controlling the vectors spreading human diseases. Manipulating or introducing of a self reproducing predator into the ecosystem may present continual biological control of vector populations. In order to achieve an acceptable control of the primary Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and secondary Aedes albopictus (Skuse) mosquitoes (Dipte...

This paper presents a specifications formalism, Hierarchical Algebraic Nets (HAN), which allows the specification and design of heterogeneous concurrent distributed systems using hierarchical descriptions based on algebraic specifications and Petri nets. A simple example is firstly given in order to present the graphical representation associated to HAN, then the abstract syntax and formal sema...

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating disease overwhelmingly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by various mosquito species. Here, we present a systematic literature review with the following objectives: (i) to establish global and regional estimates of populations at risk of LF with particular consideration of water resource development projects, and (ii) to assess the ...

Mosquitoes are the most dangerous vectors of diseases belonging to arthropod family. They important in public health because blood-sucking habits females. were declared as “public enemy number one” by WHO. Mosquito-borne increasing due having dirty places near residential area containing still water, lack cleanness and decreasing immunity. known transmit some diseases, including malaria, dengue...

rapid urbanization and industrialization, population growth and economic growth in developing countries make management of municipal solid waste more complex comparing with developed countries. furthermore, the conventional municipal solid waste management approach often is reductionists, not tailored to handle complexity. therefore, the need to a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary approach r...