Many theories of language assume that the change of a language over time and the acquisition of a language by an individual are interrelated. In this paper we compare and try to relate Mattausch’s (2004) diachronic bidirectional Optimality Theory (bi-OT) account of the development of pronominal binding in English to Hendriks and Spenader’s (2004; 2005/6) synchronic bi-OT account of English-spea...

Language change is considered as a transition of a user population among languages. Language dynamics equations represent such a transition of population. Our purpose in this paper is to develop a new formalism of language dynamics based on a realistic situation of multiple language contact. We assume a situation where memoryless learners are exposed to a number of languages. Our experiments sh...

This article outlines an emergentist account whereby the limited end-state typical of adult second language learners results from dynamic cycles of language use, language change, language perception, and language learning in the interactions of members of language communities. In summary, the major processes are: 1. Usage leads to change : High frequency use of grammatical functors causes their...

since the end of the nineteenth and twentieth century , the concept of the nature of the language and its function and studied were in change. that changes caused prosecution efforts which made by the western scientists to study most of the world language descriptively and historically ,comparely . khalil is the first who authored the lexicon in arabic language, and who compiled a perfect lexic...