Cities around the world are expanding dramatically, with urban population growth reaching nearly 2.5 billion people in areas and road traffic exceeding 1.2 cars by 2050. The economic contribution of transport sector represents 5% GDP Europe costs an average US $\...

Changing people social status, particularly upwardly, is often considered an indication of a government success in reaching a fair society, particularly in traditionally rigid structures. This is mainly possible through implementing development plan(s) which is theoretically assumed to result in wiping out traditional rigid structures. In the post-revolutionary Iran, the government took upon it...

Background. Band exercise can also reduce back pain by reducing unnecessary movement of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae adjacent to the lumbar spine. Looking at previous studies, activation of the deep lumbar muscles of the lumbar spine and restoration of mobility of the adjacent skeleton have a positive effect on pain relief. Objectives. This study was to investigate the effects of self-f...