Atmospheric CO2 concentrations can reach high levels inside natural caves, representing a hazardous condition for both humans frequenting the underground environment and its safeguard due to corrosion of speleothems induced by acidification atmospheric moisture. These issues are particularly critical eco-sustainable management caves protected as nature reserves undergoing touristic exploitation...

Most attempts to manage disturbance by visitors to nature reserves concentrate on limiting visitor access in some way, which is often unpopular with both visitors and managers. In a few nature reserves the daily numbers of visitors are limited, an action that need not necessarily reduce the total number of visitors. As a test of the assumptions that underlie this management practice, we examine...

Th e conceptual framework of ecostrategies (views and use of landscape) presented here have been used to analyse various cases of nature-based tourism and related activities such as outdoor recreation, outdoor education, nature reserves and conservation. Th e role of the ecostrategies is to illustrate the intersections, confl icts and alliances between diff erent types of nature based tourism a...

Nature reserves are special habitats established for representative plant and animal ecosystems, it is important to strengthen the monitoring protection of nature ecological environmental protection. In this paper, 23 typical different levels types on Hainan Island were selected as study area. The InVEST model LandTrendr algorithm applied in habitat quality assessment anthropogenic disturbances...

Since their discovery by Mandelbrot (The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, New York, 1977), fractals have experienced considerable success in quantifying the complex structure exhibited by many natural patterns and have captured the imaginations of scientists and artists alike. With ever-widening appeal, they have been referred to both as ‘‘fingerprints of nature’’ (Nature 399 (1999) 422) an...

Fleas were collected from 61 wild carnivores belonging to 13 species in various nature reserves and on farms, two feral domestic cats in a nature reserve and a domestic dog in the city of Johannesburg. Eleven flea species, including two subspecies of one of these, belonging to six genera were recovered. Amongst these only Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides felis strongylus are cons...