BACKGROUND During the mating pheromone response in budding yeast, activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade results in well-characterized changes in cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. Spatial reorganization of genes within the nucleus has been documented during cell-type differentiation in mammalian cells, but no information was previously available on th...

A nuclear leakage or tactical weapon use in a limited war could cause immense and long-lasting ecological consequences beyond the direct site of exposure. We call upon all scientists to communicate importance environmental impacts such an event life forms on Earth, including humankind. Changes ecosystem structure functioning species extinctions would alter biosphere for unknown time frame. Radi...

Numerous proposals to induce nuclear transformations by intense lasers ~see, e.g., Ref. 1! predicted exceedingly small output of ‘‘nuclear radiation’’ ~positrons, gammaphotons, neutrons, and fission fragments!, even for the laser intensity still out of reach. In fact, efficient production of nuclear radiation was not the subject of those proposals; as a result, optimal choice of processes and t...

a simple semi-phenomenological model, which accurately predicts the dependence of thresholdcurrent for temperature of resonant-phonon three well quantum cascade laser based on verticaltransitions is offered. we found that, the longitude optical phonon scattering of thermally excitedelectrons is the most important limiting factor for thermal performance of high frequency thz qcls.in low frequenc...

In most modern manufacturing systems, products are often the output of some multistage processes. In these processes, the stages are dependent on each other, where the output quality of each stage depends also on the output quality of the previous stages. This property is called the cascade property. Although there are many studies in multistage process monitoring, there are fewer works on prof...