This paper employs meta-analysis to determine the influence of computer-based scaffolding characteristics and study and test score quality on cognitive outcomes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education at the secondary, college, graduate, and adult levels. Results indicate that (a) computer-based scaffolding positively influences learning (g = 0.53), (b) studies with zero ...

The objective of this paper is to describe empirical studies evaluating the impact of reference pricing interventions in pharmaceutical markets, and to assess the quality of their evaluation method. A total of ten studies were included in the review. The nature of the intervention, the nature of the data available, the nature of the question to be answered, and the requirements of the evaluatio...

Honing and Ladinig (2008) make the assertion that while the internal validity of web-based studies may be reduced, this is offset by an increase in external validity possible when experimenters can sample a wider range of participants and experimental settings. In this paper, the issue of internal validity is more closely examined, and it is agued that there is no necessary reason why internal ...

The article describes the clinical psychometrical research about internal reliability of Inventory Psychological Gender Estimation with established normalized scales for population mental disorders, and its thematic validity Musical Identity Test condition independence between 2 diagnostic tools’ scores, duration musical psychological diagnosis music therapy disorders.

the main of this research was to investigate the effect of a psychological training program on mental health of elite basketball players. this research was semi–experimental with pretest posttest and a control group. the population consisted of all basketball players from iran basketball super league (n=150). they were divided into two teams: experimental and control group. minnesota multiphasi...