In Germany, employees are generally obliged to participate in the public health insurance system, where coverage is universal, co-payments and deductibles are moderate, and premia are based on income. However, they may buy private insurance instead if their income exceeds the compulsory insurance threshold. Here, premia are based on age and health, individuals may choose to what extent they are...

BACKGROUND Dramatic social changes took place in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) in the 1990s. This study investigates the extent to which social variations in self-assessed health changed during that period. METHODS Norbalt Living Conditions Survey I (1994) and II (1999) random population-based samples in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were analysed. Associations of self-ass...

background there is limited evidence on the course of health service costs before and after psychiatric inpatient treatment, which might also be affected by source of cost data. thus, this study examines: i) differences in health care costs before and after psychiatric inpatient treatment, ii) whether these differences vary by source of cost-data (self-report vs. administrative), and iii) predi...

teeth and t=permanent teeth) has been increasing from 1957 to 2015 years in iran. the current survey aimed to test the power of health promotion model for predicting the oral health behavior among high-school students.  materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 482 high school students in gorgan city, iran. multi-cluster sampling was used to recruit the samples. a research...