The paper explores the deterrent effect of punitive damages when capital investment is endogenous to the legal rule. Irrespective of the level of damages, firms can reduce their expected liabilities by either increasing safety (the law’s intended goal) or reducing wealth exposed to liability. We show that punitive damages can exacerbate this wealth reduction effect and thereby reduce deterrence...

This paper analyzes price competition between a spatially differentiated product patentee and an imitator anticipating the possibility of future patent damages. We compare the performance of three damage regimes. The “reasonable royalty” regime, the only one that yields symmetric equilibrium pricing, maximizes static welfare and yields the highest incentives to innovate when patent enforcement ...

This paper with emphasising on religious context of Iranian society, has a critical interpretation which considers psychological damages as an inevitable consequence of modernity(with integrated sociological and psychological approach) attempts to address youth mental health issues. In this regard, this paper with constructing mental aspects (belief and emotional) objective (ritual and outcome)...

The focus of this research was on UVB radiation (280-320 nm) responsible for cellular changes in skin of acute and chronically exposed individuals. This study investigated the acute cellular damages triggered by UVB exposure of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocyte cells immediately and 24 h post exposure in order to understand damage onset and progression. The study evaluated a number of...

BACKGROUND To present an overview of the clinical negligence claims for ophthalmology in the National Health Service (NHS) in England from 1995 to 2006. To compare ophthalmic subspecialties with respect to claim numbers and payments. METHODS All the claims on the NHS Litigation Authority database for ophthalmology for the period 1995 to 2006 were analysed. Claims were categorised by ophthalmi...

The earthquake hit Pakistan on October 8, 2005. The Balakot, Palas Valley, Muzaffarabad and Bagh areas of NWFP and AJ and K were adversely affected. Being eminent because of their forestry resources, it was essential to assess the damages caused by the earthquake. For the purpose, the study was launched with primary focus of investigating the forest damages due to the earthquake in the aforemen...

Some states have allocated the authority to determine the amount of punitive damages to judges rather than to juries. This study explored the determination of damages by jury-eligible citizens and trial court judges. The punitive damage awards of both groups were of similar magnitude and variability. The compensatory damages ofjurors were marginally lower but, in some conditions, were more vari...

thought-based and wisdom-centered actions have always made different civilizations and cultures closer together. these actions need continuous and stable trends. remaining fixed in a changing world inflicts severe damages on the society and culture. in this regard, the dialogue among civilizations can open many new ways which were non-existent or hardly achievable in the past. meanwhile, the di...

Background Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome encompassing a wide variety of disorders. In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown (idiopathic) and could be congenital or acquired. OGG1 is a bifunctional glycosylaseii, in that it has both AP lyase and DNA glycosylase activity and one of its functions is to excise and remove 8-oxo-dGuo from DNA. Amon...