We provide a general framework for describing various roles for biomarkers in cancer prevention research (early detection, surrogate endpoint, and cohort identification for primary prevention) and the phases in their evaluation.

Modern epidemiological forecasts of common illnesses, such as the flu, rely on both traditional surveillance sources as well as digital surveillance data. However, most published studies have been retrospective. Concurrently, the reports about flu activity generally lags by several weeks and even when published are revised for several weeks more. We posit that effectively handling this uncertai...

it is difficult to prevent accidents in the transport of hazardous goods, so the development of strategies for managing crisis situations and the optimization of action plans are important. the crisis situation is a continuous event in time when its evolution is unpredictable because it depends on a whole of complex factors resulting from the environment of the crisis. decision making in crisis...

In this note, we address the problem of surrogacy using a causal modelling framework that differs substantially from the potential outcomes model that pervades the biostatistical literature. The framework comes from econometrics and conceptualizes direct effects of the surrogate endpoint on the true endpoint. While this framework can incorporate the so-called semi-competing risks data structure...

A holy grail of conservation is to find simple but reliable measures of environmental change to guide management. For example, particular species or particular habitat attributes are often used as proxies for the abundance or diversity of a subset of other taxa. However, the efficacy of such kinds of species-based surrogates and habitat-based surrogates is rarely assessed, nor are different kin...

This short chapter introduces the SURROGATE data type, which is useful when modeling time-varying objects. Surrogates are unique identifiers that can be compared for equality, but the values of which cannot be seen by the users. In this sense, a surrogate is “pure” identity and does not describe a property (i.e., it has no observable value). For this reason, a SURROGATE data type cannot be trea...

A dynamic risk management framework for software projects is presented. Currently available software risk management frameworks and risk assessment models are static in nature and lacks feedback capability. Such risk management frameworks are not capable of providing the risk assessment of futuristic changes in risk events. A dynamic risk management framework for software project is needed that...

abstract today, competitive strategies have got accepted as one of the most important means of manager to compete in markets. in the strategic management process, development of the strategic quantitative objectives based merely on the experts’ ideas.in this research, after reviewing the bsc,swot, judo strategy model and blue ocean strategy model, the concepts are applied to increase quality of...

Delayed-acceptance is a technique for reducing computational effort Bayesian models with expensive likelihoods. Using delayed-acceptance kernel Markov chain Monte Carlo can reduce the number of likelihoods evaluations required to approximate posterior expectation. uses surrogate, or approximate, likelihood avoid evaluation when possible. Within sequential framework, we utilise history sampler a...