Sub-Saharan Africa today is in the midst of a dramatic urban transition that will persist well into the 21 century. Between 2010 and 2035, the urban population is expected to more than double from approximately 298 million to 697 million. By mid-century, it is estimated that over 1 billion people will live in urban areas. While urbanization has the potential to act as an engine of economic grow...

abstract the structural and functional changes of social and political systems have led to the establishment of different grounds in administrating urban affairs. the formation and role attribution to different actors of urban ground, including government, people, civil and legislation institutions, etc, have caused the development of counter and bilateral duties and tasks between the citizens ...

Urban development that is geared to the needs of global capital displaces or excludes poorer segments of the population and leads to the social and spatial segmentation of the megacity into citadels and ghettos. This paper considers the future of major metropolitan areas in Africa (large or megacities) and discusses policies and planning strategies appropriate for facing the challenges of their...

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) aims to increase accessibility to learning by extending the concepts of Universal Design (UD). UD arose in the field of architecture and suggests that one can increase the accessibility of an architectural feature if certain considerations are made to the design of that feature prior to its construction. The essence of UDL is to extend accessibility of a lear...

We propose UDP, the first training-free parser for Universal Dependencies (UD). Our algorithm is based on PageRank and a small set of head attachment rules. It features two-step decoding to guarantee that function words are attached as leaf nodes. The parser requires no training, and it is competitive with a delexicalized transfer system. UDP offers a linguistically sound unsupervised alternati...

African cities face immense challenges over the coming decades. As countries urbanize, African cities must maintain service provision for rapidly increasing populations, yet with limited resources. In particular, urban food systems must be able to cope with regional food shortages and catalyze (or at least enable) the distribution of food from diverse sources in order to ensure that the cost of...

In many parts of the world, a rapid urbanization process is taking place at an unprecedented scale, and its drastic impacts on societies and the environment are evident. To combat the externalities of such rapid, and to a degree uncontrolled, development, many cities around the globe introduced various urban growth management policies. However, policy making—to provide sustainable outcomes, whi...

in today’s world, one of the cities’ major challenges is the crisis of the built environment quality. as the urban design group discussed, urban management (local authorities) actors are kind of urban designers who unconsciously affect the quality of urban environment by their decisions. non-formal education and in-service training programs are effective methods to qualify staff for making deci...