In this study, we discover some deficiencies of GVF and GGVF Snake such as it can not capture boundaries like “U” and “S” completely because of the counteraction of some external forces and the influence of the local minimum external forces. Based on analyzing force distribution rules of gradient vector flow, a standard is introduced to distinguish every control point is true or false. An addit...

We study the interaction of dark-bright solitons in two component Bose-Einstein condensates by suitably tailoring the trap potential, atomic scattering length and atom gain or loss. We show that the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation can be mapped onto the Manakov model. An interesting class of matter wave solitons and their interaction are identified with time independent and periodically ...

Autotomy of body parts offers various prey animals immediate benefits of survival in compensation for considerable costs. I found that a land snail Satsuma caliginosa of populations coexisting with a snail-eating snake Pareas iwasakii survived the snake predation by autotomizing its foot, whereas those out of the snake range rarely survived. Regeneration of a lost foot completed in a few weeks ...

Animal venoms comprise a complex mixture of components that affect several biological systems. Based on the high selectivity for their molecular targets, these components are also a rich source of potential therapeutic agents. Among the main components of animal venoms are the secreted phospholipases A₂ (sPLA₂s). These PLA₂ belong to distinct PLA₂s groups. For example, snake venom sPLA₂s from E...

Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer. Snake venom toxins contributed significantly to the treatment of many medical conditions. Venomous snakes have a bad reputation and rightly so because of their often deadly bites. But what makes a snake’s bite so deadly is the venom. Of the 3000 snake ...