BACKGROUND The Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) provides a basis for nation states to limit the political effects of tobacco industry philanthropy, yet progress in this area is limited. This paper aims to integrate the findings of previous studies on tobacco industry philanthropy with a new analysis of British American Tobacco's (BAT) record of charitable giving to develop a gener...

the public domain of copyright which considers the end of protection period, attempts to cause balance among the rights of authors, society and third parties. so at the end of financial rights of author’s protection period the possibility of free utilization of these literary works will be possible. but in this situation one of the controversial difficulties is the nature of these kinds of lite...

Hundreds of independent, local, quasi-charitable microcredit societies, or $loan funds,# were lending to as many as 20% of Irish households in the mid-nineteenth century. Monitored by a central regulatory authority, funds in the system were successful in mitigating informational, moral hazard and enforcement problems, and thus operated at a surplus in a market where intermediation by the banks ...

In recent decades, "Public Sphere" is one of the most important concepts in political science. Jurgen Habermas the famous thinker in this approach is the first to use this concept in critical thinking, where he demonstrates how networking is used for communicative actions. Habermas has not included the Internet as an important part of his thought process in the "public sphere", however, I think...

The LIEM (Computer and Electronic Music Laboratory) is part of CDMC (Center for the Promotion of Contemporary Music INAEM Ministry of Culture Spain). It is a public service used every year by around 30 composers from Spain and abroad to finish their works. Other activities include software development as required by composition projects, presentation of workshops, seminars and demos, production...