Water distribution Networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructures that are exposed to deliberate or accidental contamination. Until now, no monitoring system is capable of protecting a WDN in real time. In the immediate future water service utilities that are installing water quantity and quality sensors in their networks will be producing a continuous and huge data stream for treating. The main ...

For thousands of years, the Chinese and many other nations around the world built defensive walls around their cities. This phenomenon is not well understood from an economic perspective. To rationalize the existence of city walls, we propose a simple model that relates the dimensions of city walls to a set of economic variables. Guided by this model, we conduct an empirical analysis using hand...

Understanding, modeling and simulating human mobility among urban regions is very challengeable effort. It is very important in rescue situations for many kinds of events, either in the indoor events like evacuation of buildings or outdoor ones like public assemblies, community evacuation, in exigency situations there are several incidents could be happened, the overcrowding causes injuries and...

this article studies the effects of dividing the distribution of petrol on changing the methods of city transportation in mashhad, six months after the plan. the sampling method used in this research is the classed sampling method and there were 670 participants, all from the city of mashhad. the results of the study show that the rate of satisfaction from the plan, is very low; just 20%. the y...

non-fragile observer design is the main problem of this paper. using continuous frequency distribution, the stability conditions based on integer order lyapunov theorem are derived for lipschitz class of nonlinear fractional order systems. the proposed observer is stable beside the existence of both gain perturbation and input disturbance. for the first time, in this paper a systematic method i...

Smart Grids require a robust communication network to handle huge amount of data involving different smart devices. Wireless applications become the core of advance meter communication systems. The current advances within this area infer that this type of systems will fulfill the Smart Grid requirements for applications such as Advance Metering Infrastructure, Distribution automation or Demand ...

focus on political, economic, cultural city of kermanshah, the reasons for moving to the city, and consequently, it is natural population growth. this part of the urban hierarchy rule out - as far and despite the high potential for job creation in the province are because of the unbalanced distribution of population, the potential of the whole province is not to be used, so that today we face t...

The Smart City concept relates to improving efficiency of city services and facilitating a more sustainable development of cities. However, it is important to highlight that, in order to effectively progress towards such smart urban environments, the people living in these cities must be tightly engaged in this endeavour. This paper presents two novel services that have been implemented in orde...