Catecholamines are postulated to regulate growth hormone (GH) secretion by their influence on the release of two hypothalamic substances, somatostatin, which inhibits GH release, and GH-releasing factor, as yet unidentified. Extensive pharmacologic studies in man and animals indicate a stimulatory effect of central norepinephrine and dopamine on GH, but the function of epiphephrine (EPI) is unc...

In scientific fields such as systems biology, evaluation of the relationship between network members (vertices) is approached using a network structure. In a co-expression network, comprising genes (vertices) and gene-to-gene links (edges) representing co-expression relationships, local modular structures with tight intra-modular connections include genes that are co-expressed with each other. ...

Network-based systems biology has become an important method for analyzing high-throughput gene expression data and gene function mining. Yeast has long been a popular model organism for biomedical research. In the current study, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis algorithm was applied to construct a gene co-expression network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Seventeen stable gene co-ex...

Modular targeting is promising in drug research at the network level, but it is challenging to quantificationally identify the precise on-modules. Based on a proposed Modudaoism (MD), we defined conserved MD (MDc) and varied MD (MDv) to quantitatively evaluate the conformational and energy variations of modules, and thereby identify the conserved and discrepant allosteric modules (AMs). Compare...

Feathers are complex assemblages of multiple morphological innovations. Recent research on the development and evolution of feathers has produced new insights into the origin and diversification of the morphological innovations in feathers. In this article, I review and discuss the contribution of three different factors to the evolution of morphological innovations in feathers: feather tubular...

Modern low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that require multi-mission flexibility are highly likely to be repositioned between different operational orbits. While executing this process the satellite may experience high levels of vibration and environmental hazards, exposing the deployed solar panel to dangerous stress levels, fatigue and space debris, hence it is desirable to retract the solar sa...

We define a cotriple (co)homology of crossed modules with coefficients in a π1-module. We prove its general properties, including the connection with the existing cotriple theories on crossed modules. We establish the relationship with the (co)homology of the classifying space of a crossed module and with the cohomology of groups with operators. An example and an application are given.

Accumulated transcriptome data can be used to investigate regulatory networks of genes involved in various biological systems. Co-expression analysis data sets generated from comprehensively collected transcriptome data sets now represent efficient resources that are capable of facilitating the discovery of genes with closely correlated expression patterns. In order to construct a co-expression...

Co-expression modules are groups of genes with highly correlated expression patterns. In cancer, differences in module activity potentially represent the heterogeneity of phenotypes important in carcinogenesis, progression, or treatment response. To find gene expression modules active in breast cancer subpopulations, we assembled 72 breast cancer-related gene expression datasets containing ∼5,7...