Objectives: Elders face existential issues such as death, a sense of losing, lack of life, last chances, and meaning of life. If people cannot confront it effectively, they may be lost meaning of life. They will suffer from a core of set of syndromes that are called “demoralization”. Cognitive spirituality-based counseling tries to correct beliefs and the human imagination of God vi...

Cognitive flexibility is defined as the ability to assimilate previously learned information and concepts to generate novel solutions to new problems. This skill is crucial for success within ill-structured domains such as biology, physiology, and medicine, where many concepts are simultaneously required for understanding a complex problem, yet the problem consists of patterns or combinations o...

Like most cognitive scientists, I take concepts to be mental symbols. Mental symbols are not all concepts, as there are also sensory representations, motor representations, and perceptual representations. From the perspective of cognitive science, a theory of concepts must specify their format, what computations they enter into, what determines their content, and how they differ from other type...

Many research on primary school children in Malaysia indicate an over reliance on the written symbols representation (Munirah, 2001; Parmjit, 2005; Munirah& Noor Azlan, 2002; Chinappan & Ambigapathy, 2009; Mohini & Jacinta, 2010). This is a cause for concern as researchers draw strong connections between the representations children use and their understanding (Lamon, 2001). Janvier (1987) desc...

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept meant to account for the frequent discrepancy between an individual's measured level of brain pathology and her expected cognitive performance. It is particularly important within the context of aging and dementia, but has wider applicability to all forms of brain damage. As such, it has intimate links to related compensatory and neuroprotective concepts, as ...

Research in cognitive psychology suggest that the concepts human beings use vary across individuals, time and contexts. In this paper we study implications of these findings for system analysis methodologies. These methodologies seem to assume stability and generalizability of mental entities and thus the interrelations of concepts, operations and technology are poorly understood. Based on stud...

This paper presents a multi-agent model to support decisionmaking in organizations. The model is characterized by being interactive, distributed, and incremental and by the use of cognitive maps to represent the knowledge of decision-making actors. The main proposition is to consider the context of concepts belonging to cognitive maps in a way that it represents agent’s mental states, allowing ...

This glossary provides a guide to some concepts, findings and issues of discussion in the new field of research in which intelligence test scores are associated with mortality and morbidity. Intelligence tests are devised and studied by differential psychologists. Some of the major concepts in differential psychology are explained, especially those regarding cognitive ability testing. Some aspe...

concepts in general, and the concepts of natural number and geometry in particular, present a longstanding puzzle to the brain and cognitive sciences. Nevertheless, a rich array of studies in cognitive development, animal cognition, cognitive psychology, comparative cultural psychology, and cognitive neuroscience is providing clues that may lead to its solution. Four cognitive systems found in ...