First principle calculation of the QCD spectral functions (SPFs) based on the lattice QCD simulations is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the Bayesian inference theory and the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM), which is a useful tool to extract SPFs from the imaginary-time correlation functions numerically obtained by the Monte Carlo method. Three important aspects of MEM are (i) it does not ...

Neuronal function in the brain requires energy in the form of ATP, and mitochondria are canonically associated with ATP production in neurons. The electrochemical gradient, which underlies the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(mem)), is harnessed for ATP generation. Here we show that DeltaPsi(mem) and ATP-production can be engaged in mitochondria isolated from human brains up to 8...

One of the applications of the maximum-entropy method (MEM) in crystallography is the reconstruction of the electron density from phased structure factors. Here the application of the MEM to incommensurately modulated crystals and incommensurate composite crystals is considered. The MEM is computed directly in superspace, where the electron density in the (3+d)-dimensional unit cell (d > 0) is ...

In this paper, we present a new linear MEM algorithm for 2-D isotropic random fields. Our procedure differs from previous 2-D MEM algorithms by the fact that we take maximal advantage of the symmetries implied by isotropy, which is the natural generalization to several dimensions of the l-D notion of stationarity. Unlike general 2-D covariances, isotropic covariance functions which are positive...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence in the brain of extracellular amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), ionotropic glutamate receptor, are essential for processes like learning and memory. An excessive activation of NMDARs has bee...

Combination therapies are a promising therapeutic option for traumatic brain injury (TBI) owing to the clinical failure of monotherapy treatments, such as progesterone. Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) from Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an in vitro TBI, and the neuroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) or memantine (MEM) monotherapies were quantified. Several combinati...

We have proposed a scheme that extends the application of GAs to domains that require identification of robust solutions. We called this technique GAs/RS: GAs with a robust solution searching scheme. In the GAs/RS, a perturbation is added to the phenotypic feature once for each evaluating functional value of an individual, thereby reducing the chance of selecting sharp peaks. We refer to this m...

Charge densities have been determined by the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) from the high-resolution, low-temperature (T approximately 20 K) X-ray diffraction data of six different crystals of amino acids and peptides. A comparison of dynamic deformation densities of the MEM with static and dynamic deformation densities of multipole models shows that the MEM may lead to a better description of th...

We present abundances of carbon and oxygen as well as abundance ratios 12C/13C for a sample of carbon stars in the LMC, SMC, Carina, Sculptor and Fornax dwarf galaxies. The overall metallicities in these dwarf galaxies are lower than in the galactic disc. The observations cover most of the AGB and we discuss the abundance patterns in different regions along the AGB. The abundances are determine...