all analytical methods are generally based on the measurement of a parameter or parameters which are somehow related to the concentration of the species.an ideal analytical method is one in which the concentration of a species can be measured to a high degree precision and accuracy and with a high sensitivity. unfortunately finding such a method is very difficult or sometimes even impossible.in...

translation studies have become an accepted academic subject and books, journals and doctoral dissertations appear faster than one can read them all (bassnet and lefevere, 1990). but this field also brought with itself so many other issues which needed to be investigated more, in the heart of which, issues like ideology, ethics, culture, bilingualism and multilingualism. it is reported that ove...

Foregrounding is one of the contemporary literary theories, which from a literary perspective to texts, in prose or verse, endeavors to explain and analyze those effective features and elements in the body of the discourse which rhetorically distinguish literary texts from ordinary ones. According to the Formalists, foregrounding is achieved through diminishing or increasing the rules. In other...

The question of the validity of the book We Have Sent It Down on the Night of Ordainmentby HasanIbn Abbās Ibn Harish al-Razi is the point of disagreement among the traditionists of the two schools of tradition of Qom and Baghdād. The traditionists of Qom such as Saffar, Koleini and Sheikh al-Sadoq have accepted the validity of the book and have reported its hadiths among their hadith sources un...

‘Stupidity’ is one of the topics in the field of behavioral abnormalities discussed by psychologists. Imam Ali (a.s.), who has made special efforts to correct behavioral abnormalities, has dealt with ‘stupidity’ in numerous cases in “Nahj al-Balagheh”. The present study seeks to examine the components of ‘stupidity’ from the perspective of “Nahj al-Balagheh”. It was carried out using the descri...