We develop a model of industry evolution to study the process of vertical integration and disintegration (specialization). Absent industry level increasing returns, an industry will be vertically integrated in the long run if and only if transaction costs are greater than the costs of coordinating within a rm. However, convergence to the e cient industry structure may take very long and may not...

Bullwhip effect phenomenon is what reduces the efficiency of the supply chain. The effect occurs when demand changes in the supply chain face with a lot of volatility. So far, several key factors have been identified as causes of this phenomenon. Since the steel industry, is the basic one, its efficiency is of great importance. Therefore, in this study influencing factors on Bullwhip Effect in ...

This study aims to measure the production capacity and capacity utilization in pharmaceutical industry. The capacity utilization is the ratio of actual production level to the potential production level which shows the gap between real production and production capacity. Method: Through econometric methods, the short-run translog cost function is estimated with the cost share function of produ...

The market for music products has recently been subject to dramatic forces for change. We propose a model and theoretical perspective for understanding the transformation of the market structure in the recorded music industry value chain due to new forms of digital distribution. We take into account the traditional music industry’s value chain and distribution network, and the product character...

The development of information industry innovation is an important driving force to promote adjustment of national industrial structure, the integration of industrialization and informatization has brought new opportunities and challenges to the development of information industry innovation. This paper defines the basic content of the information industry innovation, describes the relationship...

wood is a naturally renewable material with both continuous and isolated pore systems. wood-composite panels have the privilege of offering a homogeneous structure to be used as constructional and structural materials. however, its nature makes it susceptible to biological wood-deteriorating agents, water absorption and thickness swelling, fire, etc. using nano-materials are very easy in the wo...

Centralized wage-setting institutions compress relative wages. Motivated by this fact, we investigate the effects of centralized wage setting on the industry distribution of em-ployment. We examine Sweden’s industry distribution from 1960 to 1994 and compare it to the U.S. distribution over the same period. We relate U.S.-Swedish differences in the industry distribution and their evolution over...