OBJECTIVES To describe regional differences in the relative fertility of HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative women and changes as antiretroviral treatment (ART) is scaled up, to improve estimates of predicted need for and coverage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services at national and subnational levels. METHODS We analysed 49 nationally representative household surveys in sub-Sahar...

The large human brain, the long period of juvenile dependence, long life span, and male support of reproduction are the co-evolutionary result of the human niche based on skill-intensive techniques of resource accrual. The regulation of fertility under traditional conditions is based upon a co-evolved psychology and physiology where adjustments of investment in offspring depend upon the returns...

Numerous studies have been published concerning the changing epidemiology of asthma and atopy, and studies from "western countries" have consistently shown a dramatic increase in prevalence over the last two to three decades. However, in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal, BRAUN-FAHRLÄNDER et al. [1] report interesting new evidence concerning the prevalence rates of asthma and atopy...

Has the rising incidence of Crohn's disease reached a plateau? Crohn's disease is a chronic condition of unknown cause and for which there is no effective medical treatment to prevent recurrence or spread. During 1934-77 the incidence of the disease in Cardiff greatly increased.' Since Cardiff has a stable, clearly defined population and a good medical records system it is particularly suited f...

During the past 20 years fertility patterns within England and Wales have changed considerably. The total fertility rate experienced a prolonged decline during the 1990s and hit a record low in 2001. Since then the level of fertility has increased fairly rapidly. Over the two decades, fertility has been constantly increasing at ages above 30, and as a consequence the mean age of motherhood has ...

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