We compare assimilation and respiration rates, and water use strategies in four divergent ecosystems located in cold-continental central Siberia and in semi-arid southern Africa. These seemingly unrelated systems have in common a harsh and highly seasonal environment with a very sharp transition between the dormant and the active season, with vegetation facing dry air and soil conditions for at...

today the industrial wastes are one of the main problems in the developing countries. discharging the industrial wastewater into environment is harmful for human health and other living creatures.thus decreasing of the pollution load of waste waters is an important environmental issue.adsorption of chemical oxygen demand by biomass wastes can be a proper and low cost method for cod removal from...

Availability: Public (only once status above is "Accepted") The question whether marginal cost pricing should be applied in the transportation sector has attained a great deal of attention during the last few years. It is argued that marginal cost pricing, or marginal social cost pricing – a term used when one wishes to emphasise that the pricing is applied by a government / regulator – would s...

We update a previously presented Linear Programming (LP) methodology for estimating state level costs for reducing CO2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants by cofiring switchgrass, a biomass energy crop, and coal. This paper presents national level results of applying the methodology to the entire portion of the United States in which switchgrass could be grown without irrigation. We...