There are several examples of heuristic rules first proposed from empirical observation, which eventually earned physicochemical validity after the fundamental derivation of a posteriori. This may be the case of Sherwood’s plot – for which a sound rationalization from first principles, entailing enthalpy and mass balances, is provided here; it applies to (fine) chemicals undergoing concentr...

Social control and the enforcement of social norms glue a society together. It has been shown theoretically and empirically that informal punishment of wrongdoers fosters cooperation in human groups. Most of this research has focused on voluntary and uncoordinated punishment carried out by individual group members. However, as punishment is costly, it is an open question as to why humans engage...

We report a comprehensive comparative study of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of BNT-BKT-BT ceramics through the MPB (morphotropic phase boundary) zone, from the rhombohedral to the tetragonal phases in the system (97.5-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO₃ + x(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO₃ + 2.5(BaTiO₃), where x = 0 to 24.5 mol %. The structural transitions were studied by XRD patterns and Raman spectra. The MPB wa...

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in some primary psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, mood disorders), or due to general medical conditions (e.g., neurological disorders, drug poisoning, metabolic disorders) (1). Although it is uncommon, but if it goes unrecognized in medical and surgical units (2), it can increase morbidity and mortality. Moreover, making a connectio...

Values have very important functions in any society. The significance  becomes so clear when a society has been exposed to changes and strengthening social cohesion is viewed as an essential subject. Great changes as the Islamic Revolution and the Imposed War have been happened in Iran during last several decades. In this line, generations can be understood via  direct or indirect experience of...

The pat ient was a female neonate bor n prematurely on 36 weeks of gestation by normal vaginal delivery. During pregnancy, mother had no history of fever, drug use or x-ray exposure. The mother was gravida 2 and had no history of abortion. Her first baby was well. On physical examination, the skin was markedly thickened, hard and hyperkeratotic with deep crevices running transversely and vertic...