BACKGROUND Statins are among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and their effectiveness is largely acknowledged. The consumption of statins increased four-fold during the 2000-2010 decade in Italy and national and regional control policies were developed. Restrictions to reimbursement were fixed at the national level, whereas co-payment was...

Background: Capitation payment is the best-known strategy for paying providers in primary health care. Since health care needs and personal characteristics play an essential role in health care utilization and resource spending, there is a growing tendency on risk adjustment models among health researchers.  The objective of this systematic review was to examine the weights used for risk adjust...

background: informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. in this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...

introduction payment system is any organized arrangement for transferring monetary value leading to discharge and settlement of obligation. negotiable instruments in their special meaning are tradable documents that can be used as means of payment in commercial and consuming trades and are considered as non-cash payment system among the monetary transferring systems. the negotiable instruments ...

We compared the health status of 863 health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollees with that of 4,576 non-enrollees, controlling for demographics and area of residence, using 1994 data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). HMO respondents were less likely to report fair or poor health, functional impairment, or heart disease. Average predicted costs based on various health-stat...

nowadays, along with the development of human communities, wildlife has been faced with serious issues even to the estent of a threatening extinction,therefore the role of natural ecosystem preservation for the needed conservartion of wildlife is of crucial importance. estimation of payment willingness is an apparopriate method for an assessment of an individual's interest in wildlife cons...

* B u r e a u of R e s e a r c h a n d S t a t i s t i c s , D i v i s ion of C o o r d i n a t i o n S t u d i e s . T H E FACT THAT the average old-age assistance payment has been higher than the average pr imary insurance benefit for the past 2 years is occasionally offered as a commentary on the relative "adequacy" of the two programs. Sta te averages in the two programs, similarly, are som...

The recent nancial crisis demonstrates that an upstream member in a supply chain usually has a weaker cash liquidity. Cash shortage a ects material supply to a downstream member, which, in turn, a ects the performance of the entire chain. This paper provides a supply chain model that integrates material and cash ows and investigates the impact of payment policies on the system performance. Spec...