This paper examines whether the supervisory objective of strengthening market discipline is compatible with the one of enhancing competitive equality for internationally active banks. This issue is empirically investigated by comparing the determinants of major US and European banks’ subordinated notes and debentures (SND) spreads. Three main results emerge. First, the spread/rating relationshi...

The financial sector has grown significantly Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a priority in today’s competitive climate major concern addition to improving profitability. Companies are regarded as social units that must serve their stakeholders and generally carry out CSR with on future disclosure. main objective of this study investigate how agency theory influence affects the...

Banks are the financial institutions that collect assets from various sources and allocate them to the sectors that require liquidity. Therefore, banks are an inherent element in the system of every country. As private banks enter financial markets, the demand for diverse banking services increases dramatically. Banks seek to use various techniques to improve their performance in attracting cus...

ABSTRACTBased on data obtained from Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia as many 9 banks the percentage of Banking Zakat, Corporate Social Responsibility and Return On Assets fluctuated, but increase that occurred Zakat was not always followed by an Assets. This study aims to determine effect banking zakat corporate social responsibility profitability ratios 2013-2018 either partially or simul...