Shunt malfunction in adult and pediatric populations continues to be a perplexing problem. We examined artificial cerebrospinal fluid flow differential between adult and pediatric shunt systems. Flow through adult and pediatric-sized catheters was compared with artificial CSF using shunt systems containing new catheters, explanted catheters, 2-piece catheters, 3-piece catheters and with varying...

how to cite this article: : farivar s, mohamadzade z, shiari r, fahimzad ar. neural differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by cerebrospinal fluid. . iran j child neurol. 2015 winter; 9(1):87-93.     abstract objective wharton’s jelly (wj) is the gelatinous connective tissue from the umbilical cord. it is composed of mesenchymal stem cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglyc...

This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. An overview of traumatic CSF leaks is presented, and both conservative and operative therapies are reviewed. Management decisions are discussed based on the current literature. Controversial clinical topics are addressed, including the use of prophylactic antibiotics and the timing o...

There are few data in the literature on the distribution of sodium between serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Mestrezat (1) determined the concentration of individual inorganic elements on a mixture of cerebrospinal fluid from twenty normal individuals and obtained a value of 322 mg. per 100 cc. for sodium. Pincus and Kramer (2) and Weston and Howard (3) have published short series of determination...

There are few data in the literature on the distribution of sodium between serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Mestrezat (1) determined the concentration of individual inorganic elements on a mixture of cerebrospinal fluid from twenty normal individuals and obtained a value of 322 mg. per 100 cc. for sodium. Pincus and Kramer (2) and Weston and Howard (3) have published short series of determination...

There are few data in the literature on the distribution of sodium between serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Mestrezat (1) determined the concentration of individual inorganic elements on a mixture of cerebrospinal fluid from twenty normal individuals and obtained a value of 322 mg. per 100 cc. for sodium. Pincus and Kramer (2) and Weston and Howard (3) have published short series of determination...