This paper presents a model of a debit or credit card payment scheme, providing a simple determination of the socially optimal structure of fees between those charged to cardholders and those charged to merchants.  2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The US Secretary of Health and Human Services, Donna Shalala, challenged the world to live up to the affirmation made in Cairo: that women's rights are human rights. The US has responded to this affirmation with vigor by recognizing that when given knowledge, education, opportunity, and power, women can be heroines; they can move mountains to help themselves and the others whom they are de...

The article examines the current topic of protection intellectual property rights with use insurance. advantages insurance over compensation on basis judicial are substantiated. Analysis scientific research has shown that practice law enforcement a number problems, so creates an opportunity to compensate for losses much faster and more efficiently. risks associated disposal have been studied. T...

to enforce general policies of article 44, ''law of enforcing general policies of article 44 of the constitution'' was recently approved by islamic consultative assembly. the main objective of the present paper is analysis and study of aspects of criminal policy inserted in the law through identification of criminal behaviors and predicted responses. with respect to criminal phenomenon, study t...

New parallel objective function determination methods for the job shop scheduling problem are proposed in this paper, considering makespan and the sum of jobs execution times criteria, however, the methods proposed can be applied also to another popular objective functions such as jobs tardiness or flow time. Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) model is applied for the theoretical analysis of...

This work expounds on implementing an effective dynamic ðs; SÞ policy to solve a liner shipping refueling and speed determination problem under both bunker prices and consumption uncertainties. While solving an optimization model which incorporates a continuous distribution is extremely challenging, we use sample average approximation method to solve it. However, the resulting problem is still ...