Informal settlement as a global urban phenomenon encounters different social, physical and economic shortcomings. These fabrics especially in cities of the global south experience an escalating gap with developed urban areas. In this regard, faltering economy plays a major contribution in continuity of poverty and exclusion. In Iran, Empowerment plan could not lead to favorable and stable resul...

Fire spread between informal settlement dwellings (ISD) is a primary concern for large scale settlements conflagrations. Globally, approximately one billion people live in and are exposed to these fires. This paper presents fire experiment two dwellings, built with ISO 9705 dimension as an approximation of ISD separated by 1 m. The development mechanisms within the ISDs were investigated benchm...

Informal settlement in Kabul Why and how should Kabul upgrade its informal settlements? Informal settlements shelter about 80% of Kabul’s population (2.44 million people), cover 69% of the city’s residential land, and represent a fixed private capital investment of US$2.5 billion (not including land value). The size, scale, and contribution to the economy of informal settlements force the poli...

today, most of the big cities or metropolises around the world have been encountering with the problem of informal habitation. the present study, thus, tries to focus on the role of endogenous development in such type of habitation process. for that matter, the paper takes into account architectural programming and urbanism as its theoretical framework because the endogenous development is rela...