L’industrie de la recherche d’information a connu en 2007 une période de grande convergence capitalistique. Ceci est un signe indirect des coûts croissants de recherche et développement dans ce domaine : infrastructures matérielles, logicielles, accès aux utilisateurs, expertise des problématiques d’entreprise. Ces dépenses sont difficiles à internaliser au sein d’unités de recherche isolées et...

Although historians have shown that there has been a complex and multi-layered relationship between the body, medicine and the force of electricity, many avenues remain to be explored. One of the most prominent of these is the way in which electrotherapy technologies were marketed to a wide variety of different end users and intermediaries. This paper offers the first historical analysis of one...

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such...

OBJECTIVES Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity currents facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. tDCS is attractive since dose is readily adjustable by simply changing electrode number, position, size, shape, and current. In the recent past, computational models have been developed with increased precision wi...