ends of the earth. In response, trade flows grew enormously as did international movements of labor and capital. The prospect of a global marketplace for goods, labor, and capital that appeared was dashed by the disruptions of World War I. In its aftermath, the peace treaties created a series of new nation-states intent on attaining, or maintaining, a distinctive role within well-defined trade ...

hojatt-ol hagh hakim abolfath-e omar ibn-e ebrahim known as khayyam or khayyami, was a philosopher, mathematician, astrologer, and poet of late fifth-early sixth century a.d. for long he was famous for his scientific features, however, later on his stanzas, were introduced to the world, the west in particular, through the translations provided by the nineteenth century british poet fitzgerald. ...

When, in Eric Hobsbawm’s account, the ‘short 20 century’ ended with the fall of the iron curtain in 1991 (Hobsbawm 1994), the revolution in information and communication technologies was just getting into its stride. On the back of such nineteenth century inventions as photography, typewriters, telephones, telegraph, radio, recorded sound, and the punched-card sorting machine, as well as popula...