one of the indicators of sustainable urban growth is the balance of development between different regions of the city, quality of the environment, equality in job opportunities, housing, basic services, social infrastructures, and transportation in urban areas. urban sprawl has some negative consequences. some of the consequences that are frequently mentioned are destroying green spaces, high c...

CONTEXT – Offshore software development outsourcing is a contractual business of high quality software production with significant cost-saving. OBJECTIVE – The objective of this research paper is to analyse the factors that influence software outsourcing clients in the selection of offshore software outsourcing vendors. METHOD – We have performed questionnaire surveys with 53 experts. We asked ...

road traffic accidents (rta) are one of the most important causes of death and disability all over the world. in developing countries the problem is more complicated. based on the estimation by unicef, rate of rta in iran is 20 times more than world’s average. in iran among all unintentional fatal injuries inflicted on children under five, traffic related fatalities are the leading cause of dea...

Residents of the Hudson-Mohawk River Watershed and the state of New York face serious challenges during coming years to maintain water infrastructure, including both water supply and sewage treatment. For example, maintaining wastewater infrastructure is expected to cost more than $36 billion by 2028 (NY-DEC 2008). Given this extremely high cost, one of the few potential opportunities for subst...

The paper describes risk-informed decision support for assessing the costs and benefits of counter-terrorism (CT) protective measures for infrastructure. Such a decision support framework needs to consider threat scenarios and probabilities, value of human life, physical (direct) damage, indirect damage, risk reduction and protective measure costs. Probabilistic terrorism risk assessments that ...

U.S. Class I railways maintain their infrastructure through a mix of ordinary maintenance and periodic renewal of infrastructure components. Different railways use different proportions of ordinary maintenance and periodic renewal with little consensus as to the best combination. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of emphasizing one method over the other has not been analyzed using empirical d...

due to the high incidence of deaths from breast cancer, high cost of treatment and limited resources, the need to formulate and implement effective programs in reducing the burden of disease is obvious. care, control and creation of cancer information system having an infrastructure from collection of minimum data sets (mds) are the top priorities of research in iran's ministry of health.this i...