Language learning strategies, “the techniques or devices which a learner may use to acquire knowledge” (Rubin, 1975, p. 43) or more pertinently “complex, dynamic thoughts and actions, selected and used by learners with some degree of consciousness in specific contexts” (Oxford, 2017, p. 48), have been widely researched and discussed for more than forty years since the mid-1970s. Shifting the fo...

Though there is an extensive literature investigating the ability of younger adults to learn non-native phonology, including investigations into individual differences in younger adults' lexical tone learning, very little is known about older adults' ability to learn non-native phonology, including lexical tone. There are several reasons to suspect that older adults would use different learning...

Weighing the importance of different pieces of information is a key determinant of making accurate judgments. In social judgment theory, these weighting processes have been successfully modeled with linear models. How people learn to make judgments has received less attention. Although the hitherto proposed least mean squares or delta learning rule can perfectly learn to solve linear problems, ...

 Numerous problems in engineering and science can be converted into optimization problems. Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is a newly developed stochastic optimization algorithm and has been widely used in many areas. However, due to the stochastic characteristics of its solution search equation, the traditional ABC algorithm often suffers from poor exploitation. Aiming at this weakness o...

Article history: Received 8 May 2013 Received in revised form 26 June 2013 Accepted 8 July 2013 Available online 8 August 2013 Although fluid intelligence and complex learning are conceptualized differently and assessed by apparently different measures, both theoretical accounts and empirical evidence suggest a relationship between the two constructs. In this study, major working memory aspects...