Marketing scholars often compare groups that occur naturally (e.g., socioeconomic status) or due to random assignment of participants study conditions. These report group means, standard deviations, and effect sizes. Although such summary information can be helpful, it misinform marketing practitioners’ decisions. To avoid this problem, should also the probability one group’s member will score ...

In the initial models of economic growth, economic factors entered in to models but in the following models, non-economic factors entered in to models. Many broad studies were done on this subject by the economists, and already considerable results were obtained. Subjects such as corruption in the administrative bodies were new variables entering the literature of economic growth at that stage....

Background: Faculty members are the main sources of universities. Determination and promotion of their competencies lead to the overall performance promotion of universities. Faculty members’ teaching competencies have the greatest role in the improvement of education, research and universities social services quality. Therefore, in order to investigate this issue more carefully, this study aim...

Stereotypes are fundamentally social constructs, formulated and modified through discussion and interaction with others. The present studies examined the impact of group discussion on stereotypes. In both studies, groups of participants discussed their impressions about a hypothetical target group after having read behaviors performed by target group members. These behaviors included both stere...

One of the most heralded features of group support systems (GSSs) is their ability to democratize group processes. Through minimizing barriers to communication, GSSs are proposed to create greater opportunities for member influence than those created in groups meeting face-to-face. To test this notion, a meta-analysis was conducted examining the aggregate impact of GSS use on six influence vari...

ÐAs a result of the increased popularity of group-oriented applications and protocols, group communication occurs in many different settings: from network multicasting to application layer teleand videoconferencing. Regardless of the application environment, security services are necessary to provide communication privacy and integrity. This paper considers the problem of key agreement in dynam...