It is often argued that cost-sharing—charging a subsidized, positive price— for a health product is necessary to avoid wasting resources on those who will not use or do not need the product. We explore this argument through a field experiment in Kenya, in which we randomized the price at which prenatal clinics could sell long-lasting antimalarial insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) to pregnant ...

Since 1973, the U.S. economy has shifted from a ability in the fishing industry have been conducted. The position characterized by abundant and low-cost enlack of studies on the substitution possibilities between ergy to one of rising energy prices and fragile energy energy and nonenergy inputs leaves a void in the apsupplies, periodically threatened by an unstable forpropriate information upon...

This paper estimates the welfare costs of the main medium-term options for significantly reducing U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems applied economy-wide and to the power sector only, and an emissions rate standard for power generation. The key theme is that welfare costs depend importantly on how policies interact with distortio...

Crude oil fouling of the equipment surfaces is a troublesome issue which leads to operating difficulties, economic penalties, increased environmental impacts, and health and safety hazards in petroleum industry. With a rough estimation, a minimum cost of equal to 4 million barrels of oil/year is required to be invested to offset the costs of crude oil fouling in Pre-heat Trains of Iranian oil r...

This paper employs the manufacturing sampling survey data from the industry, commerce, and service census of Taiwan in 1991 to explore the issue of whether IT investment brings about the productivity paradox. In order to take the improvement of product quality caused by IT investment into account, a proper computer price index is used to deflate the IT variable. This paper applies the Translog ...

in this study, first we evaluate the total amount of support for domestic cotton (ams) for the years 1988 to 1999. then, using time series data for the study years, translog cost function was constrained. having calculated the price elasticity of demand for farm inputs, farmers’ reactions to price changes due to the price liberalization were identified. the results of study showed that in the w...

The market for security software has witnessed an unprecedented growth in recent years. A closer examination of this market reveals that, unlike a traditional software market, the use of vertical differentiation strategy is quite limited in this market. In this paper, we develop a quantitative model to explore the possible reason. Our model identifies a negative network externality effect as th...

The intermittent nature of the renewable energies increases the operation costs of conventional generators. As the share of energy supplied by renewable sources increases, these costs also increase. In this paper, we quantify these costs by developing a market clearing price of energy in the presence of renewable energy and congestion constraints. We consider an electricity market where generat...