The genetic dissection of spinal circuits is an essential new means for understanding the neural basis of mammalian behavior. Molecular targeting of specific neuronal populations, a key instrument in the genetic dissection of neuronal circuits in the mouse model, is a complex and time-demanding process. Here we present a circuit-deciphering 'tool box' for fast, reliable and cheap genetic target...

BACKGROUND The HIV Nef protein downregulates CD4 through sequential connection with clathrin-coated pits and the COP1 coatomer, resulting in accelerated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting. RESULTS Here we report that the small GTPase ARF1 controls the Nef-induced, COP-mediated late-endosomal targeting of CD4. We find that Nef binds ARF1 directly and can recruit the GTPase onto endosomal memb...

background: human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hg-csf) can serve as valuable biopharmaceutical for research and treatment of the human blood cancer. transplastomic plants have been emerged as a new and high potential candidate for production of recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins in comparison with transgenic plants due to extremely high level expression, biosafety and many other a...

During synaptic development, proteins aggregate at specialized pre- and postsynaptic structures. Mechanisms that mediate protein clustering at these sites remain unknown. To investigate this process, we analyzed synaptic targeting of a postsynaptic density protein, PSD-95, by expressing green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) tagged PSD-95 in cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that postsynaptic cl...

Targeting information in long-term memory is an important cognitive ability, but one that is not well understood. In this study, 4 experiments were conducted to examine the influence of proactive and retroactive interference on memory targeting. Participants were given either 1 or 2 lists and asked to recall List 1, List 2, or in some cases both lists. Multiple dependent measures were explored ...

Affiliations: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble, 38042 France Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, Univ. Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, 38042 France Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom Current address: Instit...

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The Road-to-Health (RTH) card has served as a tool for monitoring nutrition and vaccination status individual child for several decades. The card has the potential to serve as a community database for research if kept by the caretaker for a considerable period. This study aimed to assess whether the magnitude of possession and retention of RTH cards is adequate to serve as a community database ...

The targeting of sensory afferent neurons in the leech CNS occurs in two discrete steps that are mediated via different carbohydrate recognitions, as shown by molecular perturbations of cultured embryos. A constitutive carbohydrate marker that is generic to all of these neurons mediates their initial defasciculation and arborization across the entire target region via mannose-specific recogniti...

Nowadays, marketing serves the purpose of maximizing customer lifetime value (CLV) and customer equity, which is the sum of the lifetime values of the company’s customers. But, CLV calculation encounters some difficulties which limit the usage of this technique. Nonetheless, companies looking for methods to know how to calculate their customers’ CLV. In this paper, fuzzy classification rules we...