Various methods have been used to economically design wastewater and stormwater collection systems. In this article, Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming (DDDP) which is a subsection of dynamic programming (DP) was used. For each pipe network, various alternatives such as depth and slope of pipe laying and various diameters could be considered to satisfy hydraulic and engineering constrain...

The need for long-term care (LTC) represents a “new social risk,” one that overlaps with and complements systems of care that pre-date such programs, complicating LTC program design. This commentary expands on Ikegami’s discussion of how these structural factors must be accommodated, as well as historical and cultural factors that influence public expectations of such a...

numerous techniques have been presented by different researchers to analyze piled raft. in order to analyze pile foundation, soil can be modeled as spring, continuous medium, or porous media. pile can also be modeled as spring or continuous medium. this study includes three main stages: a short description of different types of analysis methods of pile foundation, writing a computer program bas...

Program evaluation is an important part of any educational system and provides very useful information on how to design and implement educational programs  A comprehensive program evaluation can inform the policymakers about the effectiveness of the training and provides feedback that can be effective in achieving the desired goals.  

The design of games can be an unfortunately indirect endeavour: the designer’s objective may be to present the player with a particular set of possible experiences, or playspace, but what the designer actually creates (i.e. the game) is instead an artifact intended to produce the desired playspace only upon interaction. In this work we develop both a general framework and specific implementatio...

A methodology for optimizing the design of an electrical packaging system for a high speed computer is described. The pertinent parameters are first defined and their sensitivities are derived so that the proper design trade-ofls can ultimately be made. From this procedure, a set of rules is generated for driving a computer aided design system. Finally, there is a discussion of design optimizat...

Design pattern instance recognition is often done by static analysis, thus approaches are limited to the recognition of static parts of design patterns. The dynamic behavior of patterns is disregarded and leads to lots of false positives during recognition. This paper presents an approach to combine the advantages of static and dynamic analyses to overcome this problem and improve the design pa...

This paper describes an approach that enables a computeraided design tool to learn conceptual knowledge as it is being used, and as a consequence adapts its behaviours to the changing environment. This allows the tool to improve the effectiveness of designers in their design tasks over time. Design experiments evaluate the effectiveness of this prototype system in recognizing optimization probl...