STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. PURPOSE First, to examine the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and the halo phenomenon, and second, to investigate risk factors predisposing to the halo phenomenon and its correlation with clinical outcomes. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE The few in vivo studies regarding the relationship between pedicle screw stability and BMD have shown conflicting ...

Prospect theory is widely viewed as the best available descriptive model of how people evaluate risk in experimental settings. According to prospect theory, people are typically risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-seeking with respect to losses, known as the "reflection effect". People are much more sensitive to losses than to gains of the same magnitude, a phenomenon called "loss aversi...

Novel alpha-hydrazino-alpha,beta-unsaturated nitroalkenes, which exhibit dynamic phenomenon on the NMR time scale, were synthesized in excellent yields via imidazole or DMAP mediated Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) type reaction of nitroalkenes with azodicarboxylates.

The Rio Scale accepted by the SETI Committee of the International Academy of Astronautics in 2002 is intended for use in evaluating the impact on society of any announcement regarding the discovery of evidence of extra-terrestrial (ET) intelligence. The Rio Scale is mathematically defined using three parameters (class of phenomenon, type of discovery and distance) and a δ factor, the assumed cr...

Data collected at two measurement scales from a semiarid grassland are presented and analyzed to explore the hydrologic effects of grazing, interactions between overland flow and infiltration, and scale issues. Rainfall-runoff simulations were used to quantify the areal ~3 by 10 m plot scale! response, and small-diameter ~9 cm! disk infiltrometers were used to estimate point-scale hydraulic con...

To establish whether the compromised need/the label effect is a frequently occurring phenomenon or not, available studies of the phenomenon are examined and claims are comparedwith evidence. Studies that reportedly have verified the phenomenon are shown to suffer from technical problems that put the claim of verification in doubt. Studies that have reported low percentages of questions changing...