this paper proposes per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch problem. in the proposed coding, it is possible to apply the percent effects of elements in any number and with high accuracy in objective function. in the proposed per unit coding, each function is transformed into per unit form based on its own maximum value and has a value from 0 to 1. in this paper, particle sw...

Given the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequate supply and limate conditions increase water demand in pistachio growing areas. It is necessary to determine the real value or pri...

embryo transfer (et) in holstein dairy cattle became an important commercial enterprise after the introduction of non-surgical recovery technique. embryo transfer could increase the reproductive rate of genetically superior cows. the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the use of et in iranian holstein dairy cattle to increase selection intensity on the dam side, economically; esti...