the increasing use of internet leads to the expansion of electronic exchange. customers are trying to take advantage of this situation in different ways. one of their main concerns is the lack of sufficient trust toward the other side. in other words, they are afraid of the probable damage of these kinds of online bargains. for example their potential fears of fraud. maybe the perceived fraud i...

The aim of the study was to clarify whether fear in children is related to a distorted cognitive processing of fear-related information. In anxious children, only a few studies of this bias were performed which yielded inconsistent results. Martin, Horder, and Jones (1992. Cognition and Emotion, 6(6), 479-486) found a bias for spider words in spider-fear children, using a card format of the Str...

When subjective state words are used to describe behaviors, or brain circuits that control them nonconsciously, the behaviors and circuits take on properties of the subjective state. Research on fear illustrates the problems that can result. Subjective state words should be limited to the description of inner experiences, and avoided when referring to circuits underlying nonsubjectively control...

Directly conditioned fear and avoidance readily generalises to dissimilar but conceptually related stimuli. Here, for the first time, we examined the conceptual/semantic generalisation of both fear and avoidance using real words (synonyms). Participants were first exposed to a differential fear conditioning procedure in which one word (e.g., "broth"; CS+) was followed with brief electric shock ...

background: fear of falling is common amongst older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes. this study aimed to determinate factors associated with fear of falling and functional independence in older adults living in nursing homes. methods: this was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling method to enroll 200 older adults living in nursing homes from 25 senior centers ...

Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Relation to Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population: The Potential Role of Sex Effects By Beril Yaffe, M.A. Advisor: Deborah J. Walder, Ph.D. Heightened sensitivity to relevant environmental stimuli (i.e., attentional bias) has been observed in relation to clinical and non-clinical anxiety and depression symptoms. While depression symptoms ar...