in this paper, a model of an optimal control problem with chance constraints is introduced. the parametersof the constraints are fuzzy, random or fuzzy random variables. todefuzzify the constraints, we consider possibility levels.  bychance-constrained programming the chance constraints are converted to crisp constraints which are neither fuzzy nor stochastic and then the resulting classical op...

We suggest a rigorous theory of how objective single-case transition probabilities fit into our world. The theory combines indeterminism and relativity in the “branching space-times” pattern, and relies on the existing theory of causae causantes (originating causes). Its fundamental suggestion is that (at least in simple cases) the probabilities of all transitions can be computed from the basic...

In ‘A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance,’ David Lewis says that he is “led to wonder whether anyone but a subjectivist is in a position to understand objective chance.” The present paper aims to motivate this same Lewisean attitude, and a similar degree of modest subjectivism, with respect to objective causation. The paper begins with Newcomb problems, which turn on an apparent tension b...

Evolutionary theory is awash with probabilities. For example, natural selection is said to occur when there is variation in fitness, and fitness is standardly decomposed into two components, viability and fertility, each of which is understood probabilistically. With respect to viability, a fertilized egg is said to have a certain chance of surviving to reproductive age; with respect to fertili...

Convergence is an issue being widely concerned about. Thus, in this paper, we mainly put forward two types of concepts of convergence in mean and convergence in distribution for the sequence of uncertain random variables. Then some of theorems are proved to show the relations among the three convergence concepts that are convergence in mean, convergence in measure and convergence in distributio...

Theories of the apprehension of spatial relations differ in the predictions they make about the effects of distance between the arguments of spatial relations and the effects of distracting stimuli presented along with the arguments. One theory predicts no effect of distance, another predicts a monotonic increase in reaction time (RT) with distance, and a third predicts a monotonic decrease. Mo...

A multi-product newsboy problem with uncertain demand and uncertain storage space is investigated under a warehousing chance constraint. It is assumed that indeterminacy may appear in demand and storage space due to rough estimation of their distributions by decision-maker. Uncertainty theory provides a new tool to deal with the human uncertainty. We develop an uncertain expected value programm...

Evolutionary psychologists believe the human mind evolved to solve adaptive problems present in our ancestral environment. Our hominid ancestors survived in face-to-face groups by assessing the cooperative intentions of other group members. Media naturalness theory postulates face-to-face is the most ‘natural’ communication medium. This paper reports results from a laboratory experiment examini...