the main challenge of developing countries, is achieving growth and development. review of economic growth literature shows that the quality of institutions and social infrastructure are important factors that influence the economic growth and development. also many analysts believe that between institutional factors, the rule of law is one of the most elements for appropriate system for invest...

today, with the increasing trend countries towards globalization, regionalism is also considered and regional organizations have been formed in many parts of the world geopolitical.. one of the manifestations of regionalism are regional organizations that in the second half of the twentieth century as a means to achieve regional integration in geographic areas with different functions in the ec...

the disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the soviet union, has also changed many strategic concepts. central asia, as a part of the soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. the region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of isla...

background: the prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its causative factors has been estimated more frequently in elder popula­tion, women, and patients with osteoporosis in different countries, but this issue is less defined in male population within different age groups especially in asian countries. therefore, we studied the role of effective factors in vitamin d defi­ciency and its prevale...

The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Postgraduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the ...

this paper using endogenous growth models based on research and development, has investigated two economic relations in three groups of countries included developed countries, developing countries and a mixed group of both mentioned ones. at first, the effects of r&d; activities on patent growth have examined and then the relation between volume of patent and growth rate in these groups has sur...