Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a chronic, progressive pediatric disease that affects both muscle and brain. The objectives of the study were to examine parent reported behavior in children with DMD, investigate the influence of chronic illness, intellectual ability and etiology on behavior, and determine whether a specific behavioral profile is associated with DMD. Parental ratings of boy...

transcranial current stimulation (tcs) is a neuromodulation method in which the patient is exposed to a mild electric current (direct or alternating) at 1-2 ma, resulting in an increase or a decrease in the brain excitability. this modi.cation in neural activities can be used as a method for functional human brain mapping with causal inferences. this method might also facilitate the treatments ...

Cortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) is a method of brain mapping used during invasive presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy. Intellectual auras like intrusive thoughts, also known as forced thinking (FT), have been reported during frontal seizures. However, there are few reports on FT obtained during DES in frontal cortex. We report three cases in which we obtain...

The current research has conducted with the aim of examining the multiple relationships between psychological capital, transformational leadership and creativity in the institute of international energy studies. Using of correlation research method, 50 experts have been selected purposely (not randomly). After collecting questionnaire and based on research aims Research, data have been analyzed...

This paper aims to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation among line and senior managers of national Iranian gas company. This study is practical in terms of the objective, descriptive survey in terms of gathering data procedure and finally quantitative with regards to the gathered data. Our research population contains all of the line and senior mana...

Objective: Fragile X syndrome is the second etiology for inherited mental retardation. It may concomitant with other psychiatric disorders. Intellectual disability (ID) is a state of functioning that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by limitations in intelligence and adaptive skills. We intend to introduce a male young patient with Fragile X syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive d...

BACKGROUND Challenging behaviour, especially in intellectual disability, covers a wide range that is in need of further evaluation. AIMS To develop a short but comprehensive instrument for all aspects of challenging behaviour. METHOD In the first part of a two-stage enquiry, a 28-item scale was constructed to examine the components of challenging behaviour. Following a simple factor analysi...

Thirty Chinese mothers of adult children with moderate to severe mental retardation were interviewed to explore the source and nature of their stress and social support. Results revealed child-related and parent-related stress specific to these mothers. The most common stressors were future planning and behavioral problems of the target offspring. Mothers received tangible, emotional, and infor...

BACKGROUND At the level of policy recommendation, it is agreed that people with intellectual impairments ought to be given opportunities to make choices in their lives; indeed, in the UK, the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 enshrines such a right in law. However, at the level of practice, there is a dearth of evidence as to how choices are actually offered in everyday situations, which must hinder ...