many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  thus, they, in turn, have ha...

International relations urgently needs theoretical development that takes into the account the power of non-state actors, in particular business. The present paper aims to prepare the ground for such theoretical development by analyzing the political power of business along three dimensions: its instrumental, structural, and discursive power. The paper discusses the extent to which business' po...

after 11 september attack, anticipatory self defense has obtained specific situation in the doctrine ,of western states. these countries with financial and military power are seeking to justify this doctrine. this type of defense is contrary to article 51 of the charter of united nations that expresses the concept of self defense. in this paper, the authors are going to verify and show that thi...

Human rights diplomacy is considered as a consequence of globalization. While many norms and issues are extensively globalized, nonetheless they can be implemented based on cost and benefit analysis (i.e. maximization of benefits and minimization of costs). States have to take their responsibility of human rights by demonstrating their responsiveness towards their people, international organiza...

in december 1953, the us president, general dwight d. eisenhower delivered his “atoms for peace” speech at the united nations' general assembly, which called for the promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy under special international agency. this proposal became the starting point for creating the iaea in 1957 and adopting npt in 1968. the atoms for peace initiative established the pr...

from the political sociology point of view, emerging and continuity of modern societies have been a combined with some kind of totalitarianism in west (as the first step of development), modern nation-states, modern revolutions, modern wars, formation of totalitarian communism-fashism, democratic systems, and at least globalization, terrorism, …. terrorism phenomena has been deep in glomming be...