the early cytokines production in response to live logarithmic and stationary phase promastigotes of leishmania major was examined on the peripheral blood cells of the healthy individuals. whole blood cultures were stimulated by either logarithmic or stationary phase promastigotes. ifn- and il-10 productions were assessed by specific sandwich elisa. the results showed that the logarithmic prom...

Background. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) stimulate a multifaceted immune response including cellular immunity, which may provide protection against newly emerging strains. This study shows proof of concept that LAIVs boost preexisting, cross-reactive T cells in children to genetically diverse influenza A virus (IAV) strains to which the children had not been exposed. Methods. We...

Priming immunization plays a key role in protecting individuals or populations to influenza viruses that are novel to humans. To identify the most promising vaccine priming strategy, we have evaluated different prime-boost regimens using inactivated, DNA and live attenuated vaccines in ferrets. Live attenuated influenza A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) candidate vaccine (LAIV, VN04 ca) primed ferrets...

H2N2 Influenza A caused the Asian flu pandemic in 1957, circulated for more than 10 years and disappeared from the human population after 1968. Given that people born after 1968 are naïve to H2N2, that the virus still circulates in wild birds and that this influenza subtype has a proven pandemic track record, H2N2 is regarded as a potential pandemic threat. To prepare for an H2N2 pandemic, here...

BACKGROUND As part of the national seasonal influenza vaccination programme in England and Wales, children receive a quadrivalent vaccine offering protection against two influenza A strains and two influenza B strains. Healthy children receive a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV), whilst children with contraindications receive the quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (...

BACKGROUND Influenza affects all age groups and is common in children. Between 15% and 42% of preschool- and school-aged children experience influenza each season. Recently, intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine, trivalent (LAIV) has been approved in Canada. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of LAIV compared with that of the injectable inacti...

BACKGROUND The intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis is an important pathogen in modern swine production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a live attenuated L. intracellularis vaccine (Enterisol Ileitis®) on the health and production parameters of weaned and finishing pigs in a commercial Finnish 850-sow farm with diagnosed L. intracellularis infection. The herd...

background: in this study the level of il-23 and il-27 produced by macrophages derived from peri­pheral blood mononuclear cell culture collected from patients with healing or non-healing form of cutane­ous leishmaniasis lesion were compared before and after treatment with live leishmania to explore whether il-23 or il-27 plays any role in healing process of cutaneous lesions induced by l. major...