Novel communication technologies significantly influence proactive behaviours by expanding and developing information highways and using satellite and computer facilities in the world. These influences can be examined in political, social, economic, and cultural aspects and so on. The main purpose of current research is to study the cyberspace role in political development from the student's vi...

To what extent do online discussion spaces expose participants to political talk and to cross-cutting political views in particular? Drawing on a representative national sample of over 1000 Americans reporting participation in chat rooms or message boards, we examine the types of online discussion spaces that create opportunities for cross-cutting political exchanges. Our findings suggest that ...

In the history of Poland’s April Constitution 1935, there were two attempts to democratise it, first one in November 1939 referred as “Paris agreement” and other September 1950 included formula “London pact”, both which concerned ways implementing Article 13 defining scope President’s personal powers. The introduced into political life practice consultation between President Prime Minister; pac...

Both anecdotal and case-study evidence have long suggested that consumer behavior such as the buying or boycotting of products and services for political and ethical reasons can take on political significance. Despite recent claims that such behavior has become more widespread in recent years, political consumerism has not been studied systematically in survey research on political participatio...

The “unity dogma” has long characterized the European law discourse. In many of its landmark decisions the European Court of Justice had recourse to the “unity argument,” such as in Costa vs. E.N.E.L., where it rightly states that “the executive force of Community law cannot vary from one state to another ... without jeopardizing the attainment of the objectives of the Treaty.”1 Other expressio...