Experts seem to find routes in complex environments by finding a connection from the source to a “skeleton” of major paths, then moving within the skeleton to the neighborhood of the destination, making a final connection to the destination. The authors present a computational hypothesis that describes the skeleton as emerging from the interaction of three factors: (a) The topological map is re...

their nearly seven-hundred-page volume comprehensive, except that the other two books reveal some of its limitations. Taking a wholly different approach, Jeffrey Winters’s Oligarchy is a comparative historical study ranging from the ancient world to the contemporary United States and focusing on the political power of extreme wealth—what many today think of as the “1 percent,” though what Winte...

Athenian history between the battle of Chaeronea in 338 b.c. and the end of the Chremonidean War in 260 is punctuated by one military disaster after another. At Chaeronea, Philip of Macedon won a decisive victory over Athens and its allies, enabling him to gain effective control of Athenian foreign policy. In 322 Athens suffered a much more catastrophic defeat in the Lamian War, the Greek-led r...

This article aims to identify and analyze Land Objects of Agrarian Reform (TORA) on agricultural land that exceeds the maximum limit in positive law Indonesia, as well maqashid sharia future TORA a legal standing for lawsuits against oligarchs control ownership Indonesia. is normative research with statutory conceptual approaches. The results this study indicate Indonesia there are six characte...

the council of areopagus as a judicial establishment monitored the proper implementation of rule of law in the polis (city-state) of athens. while, the main responsibility and duty of areopagus was to adjudicate the cases of the most serious crimes, it intervened in the political affairs as well. eventually, after long-lasting political conflicts between athenian oligarchy and democracy, this e...

The essay is about the economic and political development of Hungary in last 30 years. It can be neatly divided into three periods which coincide with calendar decades almost perfectly. After collapse communist system, first period constituted a glorious decade development: two governments implemented all indispensable structural reforms required for successful transition. financial stabilizati...

volume by Vincent Barras and Louis-Courvoisier, La medecine des lumie'res (2000), a study of the famous Lausanne physician Samuel-Andre-Auguste-David Tissot. The revival of interest in an individual such as Jurine is thus symptomatic of a recent surge of activity in the history of Swiss French medicine. Although contributors acknowledge that Jurine's fame during his lifetime was a product of hi...