The paper describes and illustrates a multi-step perturbation (MSP) method for accurately and quickly computing changes in the real cost of living, ∆ct, as nominal prices change over observation periods. As prices change, for a given nominal income, a representative consumer moves from one utility-maximizing point to another in combined income and substitution effects. By definition, ∆ct is an ...

In many applied programs in real-life problems, both physical inputs and outputsare heterogeneous which in this case the ecient cost and income modelcan not apply to evaluate the cost and income of related turnover. So, a measurementbased on the directional value of prot was presented which we havedeveloped it in this paper and have computed it for interval data. In fact, wehave measured the in...

Introducing a concept of real, as opposed to nominal, inequality of income or wealth suggests some historical reinterpretations, buttressed by a closer look at consumption by the rich. The purchasing powers of different income classes depend on how relative prices move. The influence of relative prices on real inequality was greater in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries than in the twen...

This paper examines convergence of real GDP per capita in the selected East Asian countries and this relationship with selected Middle East countries during the period 1950-2009. The reason behind this refers to the fact that East Asia countries (including China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and South Korea) have been involved in achieving success arising from regi...

Background During the last three decades, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Iran has fallen considerably; from 6.5 per woman in 1983 to 1.89 in 2010. This paper analyzes the extent to which economic determinants at the micro and macro levels are associated with the number of children in Iranian households.   Methods Household data from the 2010 Household Expenditure and Income Survey (HEIS) is ...

Income inequality in the USA has increased over the past four decades. Socioeconomic gaps in survival have also increased. Life expectancy has risen among middle-income and high-income Americans whereas it has stagnated among poor Americans and even declined in some demographic groups. Although the increase in income inequality since 1980 has been driven largely by soaring top incomes, the wide...

T he recent rise in income inequality in the United States has received considerable attention in policy debates.1 This article discusses individual income inequality trends. In doing so, we summarize results presented in existing work. As in previous studies, the article shows that income inequality has increased since the 1960s—see, for example, Dı́azGiménez et al. (2002), Eckstein and Nagypal...

T his paper is to study the convergence of per capita income. Convergence clubs hypothesis is one of the forms of convergence hypotheses, implying that countries with the same initial level of economic development, technology, and government policies, tend to be similar in per capita income and thus have a tendency to cluster around a small number of poles. In order to test the hypot...

The decline in health insurance coverage among workers from 1979 to 1995 can be accounted for almost entirely by the fact that per capita health care spending rose much more rapidly than personal income during this time period. We simulate health insurance coverage levels for 1996–2005 under alternative assumptions concerning the rate of growth of spending. We conclude that reduction in spendin...