Few issues in health care spark as much ire and angst as medical-malpractice litigation. Physicians revile malpractice claims as random events that visit unwarranted expense and emotional pain on competent, hardworking practitioners. Commentators lament the “lawsuit lottery,” which provides windfalls for some patients, but no compensation for the vast majority of patients injured by medical car...

In this article, we respond to the four comments on our target article. Some of the commentators suggest that we have formulated our proposals in a way that renders our account of dual-process theory untestable and less interesting than the broad theory that has been critiqued in recent literature. Our response is that there is a confusion of levels. Falsifiable predictions occur not at the lev...

We are grateful to all of our commentators. They have provided a wide range valuable perspectives and insights from many fields, revealing broad interest in the subject matter. Nearly commentaries helped affirm, refine, expand, amplify, deepen, interpret, elaborate, or apply messages target article. Some offered critiques suggestions that help us address certain issues greater detail, including...

In the past few years, articles in the New England Journal of Medicine,' the Journal ofthe American Medical Association,^ and the Journal ofthe American Geriatrics Society^ have suggested that feeding tubes are substantially overused in patients with advanced dementia or other serious illnesses. Contrary to common understanding, artificial feeding often does not improve the patient's nutrition ...