This essay focuses on metadiscourse, a name for elements of texts that convey meanings other than  those  that  are  primarily  referential.    The  essay  provides  some  theoretical  background  to the  study  of  metadiscourse,  briefly  reviews  a  taxonomy  of  metadiscourse,  and  explores  four reasons why the study of metadiscourse is interesting and important: (a) Such study shows how ...

It is often difficult to determine what actually was done in work involving data collected with stated preference surveys because the terms used to describe various procedures have ambiguous and sometimes conflicting meanings. Further, terms used to describe data collection procedures often are confounded with terms used to describe statistical techniques. We call for the use of a common nomenc...

objective: the world is currently facing with various problems including water and soil pollution as well as a major threat to the health of the citizens due to the advancement at human civilization, technology development, pesticides and chemical fertilizers application, the increasing exploitation of natural resources by the agricultural sector and the increasing usage of fossil energy. there...

Can the vague meanings of probability terms such as doubtful, probable, or likely be expressed as membership functions over the [0, 1] probability interval? A function for a given term would assign a membership value of /ero to probabilities not at all in the vague concept represented by the term, a membership value of one to probabilities definitely in the concept, and intermediate membership ...

Although it is known that words acquire their meanings partly from the contexts in which they are used, we proposed that the way in which words are processed can also influence their representation. We further propose that individual differences in the way that words are processed can consequently lead to individual differences in the way that they are represented. Specifically, we showed that ...

the bone is “fractured” or “broken”. While orthopaedic surgeons consider these terms synonymous, patients appear tocomprehend the terms as having different meanings. Given the commonality of this frequently posed question, it may beimportant for providers to assess patients’ level of understanding in order to provide optimal care. The purpose of thisstudy is to evaluate patients’ comprehension ...